Prof S. M. Deen,
University of Keele
Email: s.m.deen@keele.ac.uk
For
a long time I was trying to see if I can explain in the simplest possible way
the essence (in my opinion) of the Theory of Relativity in this Centenary of
Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. This is what I have come up with. Have
a drink and a pause.
Below you have:
Special Relativity, some easily-readable descriptive para on General
Relativity, and an interesting true story on Relativity.
Special Theory
of Relativity,
which says
1. The universe is
four-dimensional, with one dimension of time and three of space, together
constituting what is called the space-time.
2. Every object in
the universe travels at the speed of light in space-time
3. Nothing can
travel faster than the speed of light, which is constant in vacuum at 186,000
miles (300, 000 Km) per second, commonly denoted by the letter c, which stands
for the constancy of the speed of light.
If someone is travelling at the speed T in the time direction and S in
the space direction, then T2 + S2 = c2. This
formula is crucial and used below.
Have
another pause. I regret that even my attempted simplest explanation needs
diagrams. Consider you are standing at the corner (which we shall call position
O) of a football ground, in front of you (i.e. facing you) is one boundary
line, which we shall call the X-axis, and on your left-hand direction is
another boundary (at right angle to the X-direction) the Y-axis (see Fig 1).
Assume you are going to travel for one min(ute). If you travel in the X–direction, you would
travel zero distance in the Y-direction. Equally if you travel on the
Y-direction, you would travel zero distance in the X-direction (Fig 1). The
chord in the diagram shows the one-min distance from your starting position
O. If you travel in between two
directions, say in the direction OR (Fig 2), you would travel the distance ORx
on the X-direction and ORy on the Y-direction of the total distance of one min
(Fig 2). I trust all these are crystal
clear – if not, please read again.
Now
I bring in the time direction. Let us suppose the Y-direction is the time
direction and the X-axis represents a direction in space. Since the time
dimension is orthogonal to any space direction, X-axis can represent any space
direction you wish to choose. Assume two friends A and B sitting at the
position O. As they are sitting at O, both of them are moving in the time
direction at the speed of light c. Now say B has decided to move away from A
very fast. Any direction B chooses to move, it would be a space direction,
represented here by the X-direction. Below by X-direction I shall mean any
space direction chosen by B.
We
first examine the equation T2 + S2 = c2 of Relativity (given earlier),
where S is the speed of B in the space direction X, and T is B’s speed in the
time direction. If B’s speed S = 0, (that is, B is sitting tight at point O),
then T = c for B, that is, B will be
travelling wholly in the time direction Y at the speed of light. On the other
hand if S = c for B, then B’s speed in the time direction will be zero (since S
= c, T has to be zero for that equation). Therefore for any speed S of B, above
zero and below c, there will be a component (i.e. a contribution) to the time
direction. If you have understood this equation as explained here, then you
have understood the pivotal concept I am using here. The rest is
straightforward. So please re-read the explanation until it is crystal clear to
you. By the way, if you are familiar
with our normal 3D spatial geometry, then you would know that if you were
travelling in the X-direction, there will be no component to the orthogonal Y-direction. But this is not true when the Y-direction is the
time-direction in a 4D Universe of Einstein.
If
B could move away from A in any space direction X at the speed of light c (the
maximum speed possible), then B will
make zero contribution to the Y-direction, as explained above. In that
scenario, B would never age, and would be immortal so far as A sitting at O is
concerned (in the jargon, it is the A’s Frame of Reference). If B moves away
from A at a speed less than c, then it would have a component (i.e. a
contribution) in the time direction Y, the actual size of that component would
depend on B’s speed. Say, B moves along
OR. After one min, A would reach the point Q on the Y-axis and B on the point
R. At that instant, B meets A on A’s position (i.e. A’s Frame of Reference).
A’s position would be the point Q, when A’s watch would show that just one min
has gone. But the B’s watch which B carried with him in the journey, would show
less than one min. This is the famous issue of time dilation in the Theory of Relativity, when someone travelling
faster than you would age slower than you.
How slow? For this I offer a small example. If the speed S = 0.6c, that is, 60% of the speed of light c, then from the eqn T2 + S2 = c2 will become: T2 + (0.6c)2 = c2, or T2 = (1 – 0.36) c2, or T2 = 0.64c2, and hence T = 0.8c. Thus our A sitting tight at O travels in the time direction at the speed of light c, while B travelling in the space direction at the speed S = 0.6c will travel at the speed 0.8c in the time direction, thus he aging only 80% of the age of A. If A has aged 1 min, B will age 0.8 min.
How slow? For this I offer a small example. If the speed S = 0.6c, that is, 60% of the speed of light c, then from the eqn T2 + S2 = c2 will become: T2 + (0.6c)2 = c2, or T2 = (1 – 0.36) c2, or T2 = 0.64c2, and hence T = 0.8c. Thus our A sitting tight at O travels in the time direction at the speed of light c, while B travelling in the space direction at the speed S = 0.6c will travel at the speed 0.8c in the time direction, thus he aging only 80% of the age of A. If A has aged 1 min, B will age 0.8 min.
Why so? Let
us revisit the crime-scene as it were.
As we know A sat at O and hence passed the whole of its one min travelling
in the Y-direction (the time axis), and hence his watch correctly records that
one min has passed. But from A’s perspective, B sped away, and hence B’s
one-min journey to R has two components (each a contribution), a Y-component
(the time axis) and X-component (the space X-axis), each component being a
fraction of a minute. The Y-component is ORy and the X-component is ORx (Fig 2)
where:
(ORy)2+(ORx)2
= (OR)2 = (1 min)2 = 1 min,
which
demonstrates that time and space in space-time are interchangeable. How? B has travelled only the fraction ORy on the
time dimension (Y-axis), which is less than one min as shown by B’s watch, but
A perceived a full one min on B’s journey, the difference being made up of the
space-component ORx. Thus space become time – an unheard of
situation, i.e. space and time are not
independent of each other. This is Relativity for you.
I
restate that B had travelled one min only from A’s perspective, and only a
fraction ORy from B’s perspective, the difference being made up by the space
component ORx. Two important consequences are:
1. There is no
absolute time, all times are relative.
What is one min for someone could be less than one min for someone
else – it all depends on relative speed.
And hence the name Theory of Relativity.
2. The assertion
that B had travelled one min to reach the point R is true from A’s perspective,
but for B it had travelled only for the fraction ORy.
In
my humble opinion, the concept of Time
Dilation is the most difficult one to understand conceptually, but found to
be true by all experiments. The other formulae, such as, E= mc2 can
be derived and understood mathematically.
Now the General
Theory of Relativity (TGR). For the adherents it is the most beautiful theory.
When someone (of course a newspaper man) asked Einstein: “What would happen if
your theory is proved wrong?” He replied
“Oh no – in that case a most beautiful theory will be wasted”. Obviously beauty
lies in the eyes of the beholder. However TGR is very complex which defies most
minds, certainly mine. So I shall state only the substance of it here. In TGR
there is no force of gravitation between masses (objects). Instead of attracting masses,
gravity curves the space-time. The
more massive an object is, the higher is its gravity and therefore more it (the
gravity) curves the space-time towards the object. Not only all physical objects, but also light
(I repeat light) follow the curves around other objects, giving the impression
of being pulled by gravity. Under
Newton’s Gravitation, light is not affected by gravity, but nevertheless his theory
works as an approximation of TGR on small scale. Observe that under General Relativity, the time dilation is affected by both speed in the space direction and gravity, and it is slightly less pronounced than in Special Relativity. Finally every prediction of each aspect of Relativity, Special or General Relativity, has
been found to be correct by all experiments carried out in the last 100 years.
Need for a
Unified Theory: Quantum Mechanics (QM) applies to small
objects, such as atoms and its constituents where the force of gravity is
unimportant. In contrast TGR applies to
larger objects where gravity is significant but Quantum effect is unimportant.
But there is a need for a Unified Theory where both Quantum effect and gravity
are significant, as in a blackhole.
A
blackhole is formed when a star several times more massive than our sun dies
(i.e. it stops emitting light, and hence the name blackhole). It then collapses
on itself by its huge gravity, crashing itself to a physical size, some claim,
of an atom. Some blackholes have the mass of apparently millions or even
billions of suns. A blackhole gobbles up other stars close by. Many blackholes
have been identified from effect of their huge gravity around their
neighbouring stars. Both QM and TGR
apply to blackholes, QM because of the small physical size of a blackhole, and
TGR because of its large gravity. Some
physicists working in the area say that TGR is so beautifully integrated with
all its parts in a compact way, that it is not feasible to take out one part,
modify it and insert it back – apparently one needs to unpick the whole TGR,
and nobody has a clue of how to do it. Similar problems also exist in adding
gravity into QM. Some top physicists say
that we perhaps need a new Einstein who perhaps woking alone somewhere on this
earth will one day produce a Unified Theory of QM and TGR, which is sorely
needed.
Einstein and
Britain (in fact England)
I
shall now end this hard stuff, and tell the true story behind the Theory of
General Relativity with a little bit of salt and pepper for a flavour in a
Christmas/NewYear spirit. Einstein came up with this beauty in (Nov?) 1915 in
the middle of the War when the Brits were not particularly warm towards the
Germans. Einstein, a great admirer of Newton, said (I am using a bit of
imagination for that tricky situation): “Oh King of Science, your idea of a
force of attraction is plain bonkers – leave attraction to young men and women
in love. The apple might have hurt your head, but it was not attracted to your
august scull. Forgive me for being blunt, but please don’t send me to the
Tower. I hear beautiful Mary the Scot, had rather a dreadful time there”.
With
“Mad dog and Englishman”, you never know where they would end up. As he looked
at TGR, Arthur fell in love with this “beauty”. When a newspaperman asked him:
Is it is true that only three persons in the world understand TGR? Arthur
paused for a moment and then responded: “I wonder who could be the third?” This
is called exclusive love where no rivals are admitted.
Finally: to the
eternal shame of the Nobel Committee, Einstein was not given Nobel Prize on
Relativity, one of the greatest contributions of all time to Physics. He later
got a Nobel Prize for his work on an area related to the Quantum theory.
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